Organ Protection
TUDCA: What the Clinical Studies Actually Show
Tauroursodeoxycholic acid, better known as TUDCA, has moved from hepatology textbooks into gym bags. Online it is described as a liver…
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Sports Nutrition: General Topics
Supplement Shelf Life: What Really Matters
Almost every cupboard has a tub of protein or a bottle of vitamins that has quietly passed the date on the label. Is it still safe? Does it…
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Sports Nutrition: New Perspectives
Electrolytes for Women: Are There Any Differences?
Electrolyte drinks and tablets are marketed increasingly towards women, sometimes with claims that female physiology demands a completely…
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Sports Nutrition: New Substances
Benefits of Chlorella for Athletes: The Evidence
Chlorella, a single-celled freshwater alga, has moved from health-food shops into the kit bags of runners, cyclists and gym-goers. Labels…
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Sports Nutrition: New Substances
What to Combine Iodine With
Iodine rarely gets attention in sports nutrition, yet it is essential for producing thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolic rate, growth…
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Sports Nutrition: Active Ingredients
Caffeine Side Effects: What You Should Know
Caffeine is the world's most widely used performance aid and one of the best-studied supplements in sport. Most people tolerate it well,…
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Organ Protection
TUDCA Side Effects and Contraindications
TUDCA is often described online as virtually free of side effects. Bile acids are indeed generally well tolerated, but "well tolerated" is…
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Sports Nutrition: Active Ingredients
Myths About Laxogenin
Laxogenin, usually sold as 5α-hydroxy-laxogenin, is promoted as a plant-derived muscle builder that delivers steroid-like gains without…
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Sports Nutrition: New Substances
Vitamin B12: Forms and Which One to Choose
Vitamin B12 supplements come in a confusing array of forms, each promoted as superior to the others. Methylcobalamin is often marketed as…
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Recovery and Sleep
Cold Therapy: Cryotherapy and Ice Baths
From wheelie bins filled with ice at rugby clubs to minus-110-degree cryo chambers in city-centre studios, cold exposure has become one of…
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Nutrition and Recovery
The Ketogenic Diet for Athletes: Pros and Cons
The ketogenic diet has moved from epilepsy clinics into endurance sport and gyms, with claims that fat-adapted athletes tap into almost…
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Evidence-Based Medicine and Safety
Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: How to Read Them
When a supplement brand or a fitness influencer says "a meta-analysis proves it works", the phrase sounds final. In reality, systematic…
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Blood Tests and Monitoring
HbA1c Above or Below Normal: Causes in Athletes and What to Do
Glycated haemoglobin, better known as HbA1c, is one of the most widely ordered blood tests in the UK. It is the standard way to diagnose…
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Legislation and Doping
Therapeutic Use Exemptions in Sport: How to Get Approval
Athletes get ill, injured and diagnosed with chronic conditions like everyone else. Sometimes the right treatment contains a substance on…
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Organ Protection: New Products
Silymarin: Side Effects and Contraindications
Silymarin, the flavonolignan complex extracted from milk thistle seeds, is one of the best-selling herbal products in Europe. Gym-goers…
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